Factors affecting compaction of soil pdf

The drop weight is typically made of steel and is lifted by a crane and repeatedly dropped onto the ground surface. Water content of the soil at the time of compaction. Soil is used as a construction material for constructing embankments and subgrades. Factors affecting soil formation soils form from the interplay of five main factors namely parent material, time, climate, relief and organisms.

Compaction of soil is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio and increase soil density. Soils will carry the characteristics of its parent material such as color, texture, structure. Factors affecting permeability of soil the constructor. Some are compactor dependent and some depend on the soil being compacted. I ntroduct ion the environment is a complex of so many factors, all interacting wi th each other, that it is impossible to isolate any one factor that does not influence another. Many factors influence the degree with which the soil is compacted. Other factors affecting soil color besides organic matter and drainage, soil color is influenced by parent material, age, and slope of the land.

Soil ph can be managed by measures such as applying the proper amount of, limingnitrogen fertilizer, and. Following are the factors affecting soil compaction. An investigation has been made into some factors not closely specified for laboratory compaction tests. This refers to the mineral material or organic material from which the soil is formed. Compaction of the soil is the process where the dry density of soil is increased by reducing air content or air voids present in the soil. Passive soil forming factors the passive soil forming factors are those which represent the source of soil forming mass and conditions affecting it. Three types of deep compaction methods were deployed to densify the granular soil. In particular, work has been directed towards determining to what extent the results of the british standard compaction test for soils are affected by the subbase on which the mould is placed.

Therefore, in this study, we conducted a regional monitoring of soil compaction and other soil physical and chemical properties before and after the 20162017 seasonal freezingthawing period in. Soil compaction and water content as factors affecting the. Factors affecting asphalt compaction asphalt magazine. Factors affecting compaction of soil effect on different. Inherent factors affecting soil respiration inherent factors such as climate and soil texture impact soil respiration. Andersonb adepartment of environmental science, kasetsart university, bangkok 10900, thailand bdepartment of soil, environmental and atmospheric sciences, university of missouri, columbia, mo 65211, usa. Introduction to soil mechanics geotechnical engineering. The dynamic compaction method was used in the area where the required depth of compaction was 57 m. The mrc and vibroflotation methods were adopted in the areas where the required thickness of compaction was 710 m.

Water content has significant effect on compaction characteristics of soil. It affects crop yields, crop suitability, plant nutrient availability, and soil microorganism activity which influence key soil processes. Lime soil stabilization method and factors affecting it. The broadest meaning of ground improvement is the change in any property of a rock or soil for improving the engineering performance. The response of lodgepole pine pinus contorta dougl. At low water content, soil is stiff and soil grains offer more resistance to compaction. The redox potential of soils is affected by many factors, such as soil aeration, texture, ph, microorganisms, temperature, and decomposable organic matter content, of which soil aeration is the. Soil texture scalped or severely eroded soils are more apt to be zinc deficient than wellmanaged soils. Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of. Compaction of soil is a process of densification of soil by displacing air from the pores by applying external stress on soil at different moisture content. Soil is most subject to compaction when the soil moisture content is.

Factors influencing compaction civil engineering notes. As water is added to a soil at low moisture content it becomes easier for the particles to move past one another during the application of the compacting. How developed a soil is can be determined from looking at the. Any activity that exposes soil to wind and rain can lead to soil loss. Compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio. These provide a base on which the active soil forming factors work or act for the development of soil. These include the section width b, diameter d, and the inflation pressure p i. A number of factors affect the permeability of soils, from particle size, impurities in the water, void ratio, the degree of saturation, and adsorbed water, to entrapped air and organic material. Obviously construction factors are the most controllable and adaptable of all the factors affecting compaction. Farming, construction and development, and mining are among. It is observed that cohesive soil has higher omc value and poorly graded sands have lower dry unit weight as compared to the coarsegrained, well graded soil with some percentage of fines.

What are some factors which influence soil fertility. The various factors which make the soils less fertile are. Moisture content of the soil has the most important effect in the compacted density, out of all the factors. Various factors affecting lime soil stabilization are soil type, lime type, lime content used, compaction, curing period and additives which are briefly discussed below.

In southern africa the most limiting factor to agricultural productivity is soil fertility ramaru et al. These factors should be used when you are preparing a table of cumulative yardage for a mass diagram. Parent material the color of a soil is associated with the kind of material from which it was formed. Compaction of soil purpose and effects of soil compaction. Soil compaction and poultry litter effects on factors affecting nitrogen availability in a claypan soil p. Compaction is intentionally done to produce a high unit weight of.

Our analysis focuses specifically on soil moisture, texture, and nutrient availability. Andersonb adepartment of environmental science, kasetsart university, bangkok 10900, thailand. Soils in warmer or wetter climates are more developed than soils in cooler or drier climates. There are different factors which affects compaction of soils. K soil erodibility l length of slope s slope steepness c cover practice p support practice a soil loss in. Soil respiration rates are also dependent on dynamic soil factors, including som content, temperature, moisture, salinity. Soil ph is a measure of soil acidity or alkalinity. Soil compaction and water content as factors affecting the growth of lodgepole pine seedlings on sandy clay loam soil c. The goal in compacting an asphalt mix is to produce a smooth, stable and durable asphalt pavement.

The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce subsequent settlement under working loads. The various factors which affect the compacted density are as follows. Factors affecting compaction of soil types of soil. Soil fertility may be defined as the inherent capacity of soil to supply plant nutrients in adequate amount and suitable proportion and free from toxic substances. In consolidation process, soil volume is reduced by squeezing out pore water from the saturated soil. Fertilizer generally has a positive effect on soil microorganisms by providing nutrients and increasing crop residues.

Factors affecting soil compaction water content, soil type. Soil stabilization aims at improving soil strength and increasing resistance to softening by water through bonding the soil particles together, water proofing the particles or combination of the two sherwood, 1993. Table 101 lists conversion factors for various types of soils. Dynamic compaction is a ground improvement technique in which a drop weight is used to densify the soils and fill materials. Soil compaction soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. Inherent factors affecting bulk density and available water capacity inherent factors that affect bulk density such as soil texture cannot be changed.

In particular, work has been directed towards determining to what extent the results of the british standard compaction test for soils are affected by the subbase on. Soil loss equations can assist contractors in quantifying soil loss and the effects of bmps for risk management decisions. Factors affecting the composition of soil air include soil physical properties, crop grown, tillage practices, organic matter content, biological activities, season etc. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structural failure. Jim scherocman is a consulting engineer specializing in asphalt pavement design and construction. It was studied by allen hazen that the coefficient of permeability k of a soil is. The moisture content is of funda mental importance in soil compaction. Embankments are constructed to raise the ground level above the. There are many factors which influence the degree of compaction in the field.

Soil type, grain size, shape of the soil grains, amount and type of clay minerals present and the specific gravity of soil solids, have a great influence on the unit dry density and omc. Factors affecting soil fertility environmental sciences essay. Pdf factors affecting redox reactions in hydromorphic. Soil fertility is defined as the condition of a soil that enables it to provide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper balance for the growth of specified plants when other growth factors, such as light, water, temperature, and physical condition of soil, are. Understanding the factors affecting compaction is an important step in achieving this goal. Of interest, climate is one of the five soil forming factors and has a significant influence on the properties of soil. The way people use land can affect the levels of nutrients and pollution in soil.

As the water content increases, water films are formed around the soil grains and water around the soil grains act as lubricant. Dec 27, 2017 here are some factors that influence soil fertility. Because of the importance of compaction in most earth works standard. Reduces settling of soil types of compaction there are four types of compaction effort on soil or asphalt. Soil water regime was adjusted with irrigation to levels associated with plant moisture. Factors affecting directly or indirectly soil compaction as imposed by the characteristics of the wheel of agricultural vehicles. Wide difference in the total pore space of various soils occurs depending upon the following several factors. In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. As the moisture content is increased, the dry density goes on increasing till. Pdf on jun 1, 2015, nicoleta ungureanu and others published considerations on the factors influencing the artificial compaction of soil find, read and cite all the research you need on. Soils and climate soil soil science society of america. Regression analysis of some factors influencing soil compaction.

In poorly graded soils, dry unit density initially decreases as the moisture content increases, and then increases to a maximum value with further increase in. Cuts are indicated by a rise in the curve and are considered positive. Response of soil compaction to the seasonal freezingthawing. Soils developed from sand or lightcolored rock will be lighter. Oct 28, 2016 factors affecting compaction soil type soil type, grain size, shape of the soil grains, amount and type of clay minerals present and the specific gravity of the soil solids, have a great influence on the dry unit weight and optimum moisture content uniformly graded sand or poorly graded in nature is difficult to compact them.

Compaction of soil process, necessity and theory of compaction. Inherent factors affecting bulk density and available. Vibration impact kneading pressure soil compaction soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. This process is an essential part of the construction of any structure, as it strengthens the soil. Usually, the technology provides an alternative provision structural solution to practical problema. Soil abiotic factors influence interactions between. And, like all other soil improvement techniques, compaction grouting. Lime soil stabilization is the process of adding lime to the soil to improve its properties like density, bearing capacity etc. This can be either permanent measure or a temporary one for making the improvement in the soil. Factors affecting the selection of techniques for ground. Consolidation of soil is mainly used for clayey soil.

Type of soil has a great influence on its compaction characteristics. Moisture content of the soil has the most important effect in the compacted density, out of all the factors affecting compaction. Although some factors like haul distancetime, hma production temperature, lift thickness and typenumber of rollers may be somewhat predetermined, other factors associated with roller timing, speed, pattern and number of passes can. Inherent factors affecting soil nitrogen inherent factors such as soil drainage, soil texture, and slope steepness impact ntransport and ntransformation processes that limit availability to crops or lead to inherentlosses. Class 4 soil compaction free download as powerpoint presentation.

From laboratory compaction tests the water content is increased, the compacted density goes on increasing, till a max dry density is achieved after which further addition of water decrease the density. Jan 22, 2016 factor affecting compaction water content amount of compaction type of compaction type of soil addition of admixture 21. Bulk density is dependent on soil organic matter, soil texture, the density of soil mineral sand, silt, and clay and their packing arrangement. However, the response of soil compaction to the seasonal freezingthawing process and the key factors affecting soil compaction are still unclear. The various soil components are being removed by living organisms and are returning to the soil by way of death and decay of organisms on it. Dynamic compaction an overview sciencedirect topics. Review of factors affecting disturbance, compaction and.

Soils that have lower porosity also have a lower respiration rate. Parent material it is that mass consolidated material from which the soil has formed. A soil having granular and crumb structure contains more pore spaces than that of prismatic and platy soil structure. Definition, compaction fundamentals, moisture density relationship, compaction standard. The factors which affect the degree of compaction are given below. Similar to other grouting technologies, compaction grouting is a technology based on sound engineering principles, not a black magic that can only be understood by a chosen few. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary. If the rate of removal or loss of components is greater than the rate of addition, the soil will naturally become less fertile. Factors affecting compaction soil type soil type, grain size, shape of the soil grains, amount and type of clay minerals present and the specific gravity of the soil solids, have a great influence on the dry unit weight and optimum moisture content uniformly graded sand or poorly graded in nature is difficult to compact them. The effect of these factors on compaction of different types of soils is discussed.

Requirement of soil compaction to increase soil strength to improve the stability of soil to reduce soil permeability to reduce erosion damage 5. Soil properties and characteristics affecting soil compaction. Soil compaction and poultry litter effects on factors. Inherent factors affecting bulk density and available water.